![]() ![]() 2016 Gauthier 2007), and a country's fertility often goes up when family policies become more generous (Hoem 1990 Rønsen and Skrede 2010 Buttner and Lutz 1990 McDonald 2006). In particular, 66 percent of European and almost 40 percent of Asian governments had in place policies with the explicit aim of raising fertility or at least impeding a further decline (United Nations 2018).Ĭountries with extensive public support to families also tend to have higher fertility (e.g., Gauthier and Hatzius 1997 Kalwij 2010 Wood et al. ![]() Many of these countries also allocate large budget shares to different forms of family support. In 2017, the fertility in 83 of 201 countries was below the replacement level (United Nations 2018). 2020), with recent studies suggesting shrinking family sizes rather than just postponement effects (Hellstrand et al. Following the 2007 economic recession, fertility levels have fallen further throughout Europe (Vignoli et al. The decline of fertility below replacement levels has been met with concern in several advanced economies, not least because it contributes to an aging workforce and challenges in caring and providing for tomorrow's elderly (McDonald 2006 Neyer et al. Countries that to date have limited support for families can build on solid evidence if they choose to expand these programs. Subsidizing assisted reproductive treatments shows some promise of increasing birth rates for women over the age of 35. High-earning couples benefit more from parental leave expansions, while expanding childcare programs can reduce social inequalities on other domains. New evidence on parental leave expansions, particularly from Central Europe, suggests larger effects than previously established. In line with previous reviews, we find that childcare expansions increase completed fertility, while increased cash transfers have temporary effects. Thirty-five studies were included, covering reforms of parental leave, childcare, health services, and universal child transfers. Empirical studies were selected through extensive systematic searches, including studies using an experimental or quasi-experimental design. This paper describes the results of a systematic review of the literature on the effects of policy on fertility since 1970 in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. ![]() In the course of the twentieth century, social scientists and policy analysts have produced a large volume of literature on whether policies boost fertility. ![]()
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